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vector是一个封装了动态大小数组的顺序容器，它能够存放各种类型的对象。 可以删除元素、可以插入元素、可以查找元素，做这些工作我们无需管理容器内存。容器内存管理，这种脏活累活全部交由vector管理。了解一下vector的内存管理策略，能够更加充分的利用内存。
1 vector内存分配策略
1.1 vector扩大容量的本质
vector 的大小和容量相等（size==capacity）也就是满载时，如果再向其添加元素，那么 vector 就需要扩容。vector 容器扩容的过程需要经历以下 3 步：
- 完全弃用现有的内存空间，重新申请更大的内存空间；
- 将旧内存空间中的数据，按原有顺序移动到新的内存空间中；
- 最后将旧的内存空间释放。
这也就解释了，为什么 vector 容器在进行扩容后，与其相关的指针、引用以及迭代器可能会失效的原因。
1.2 vector使用示例
通过一个vector简单示例，看看vector是如何管理内存的。
程序1
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>class MyClass {
public:MyClass() {++contruct_cnt;std::cout << this << ": MyClass constructor called " << contruct_cnt << " times" << std::endl;}~MyClass() {++deconstrcut_cnt;std::cout << this << ": MyClass deconstrcut called " << deconstrcut_cnt << " times" << std::endl;}MyClass(const MyClass &tmp) {++copy_construct_cnt;std::cout << this << ": MyClass copy_constructor called " << copy_construct_cnt << " times" << "copy from " << &tmp << std::endl;}
private: static int contruct_cnt;static int deconstrcut_cnt;static int copy_construct_cnt;
};int MyClass::contruct_cnt = 0;
int MyClass::deconstrcut_cnt = 0;
int MyClass::copy_construct_cnt = 0; void VectorTest1()
{MyClass a, b, c, d, e;std::vector<MyClass> myVector;std::cout << std::endl << "======a======" << std::endl;myVector.push_back(a);std::cout << "vector capacity is " << myVector.capacity() << std::endl;std::cout << "vector size is "<< myVector.size() << std::endl;std::cout << std::endl <<"======b======" << std::endl;myVector.push_back(b);std::cout << "vector capacity is " << myVector.capacity() << std::endl;std::cout << "vector size is "<< myVector.size() << std::endl;std::cout << std::endl << "=======c=====" << std::endl;myVector.push_back(c);std::cout << "vector capacity is " << myVector.capacity() << std::endl;std::cout << "vector size is "<< myVector.size() << std::endl;std::cout << std::endl << "=======d=====" << std::endl;myVector.push_back(d);std::cout << "vector capacity is " << myVector.capacity() << std::endl;std::cout << "vector size is "<< myVector.size() << std::endl;std::cout << std::endl << "========e====" << std::endl;myVector.push_back(e); std::cout << "vector capacity is " << myVector.capacity() << std::endl;std::cout << "vector size is "<< myVector.size() << std::endl;// 当myVector离开作用域时，它的析构函数会被调用，从而调用每个元素的析构函数
}int main() {VectorTest1();return 0;
}
执行输出结果如下：
ThinkPad-P15v-Gen-2i:~/work/ybb$ ./a.out
0x7ffd8b07403b: MyClass constructor called 1 times
0x7ffd8b07403c: MyClass constructor called 2 times
0x7ffd8b07403d: MyClass constructor called 3 times
0x7ffd8b07403e: MyClass constructor called 4 times
0x7ffd8b07403f: MyClass constructor called 5 times======a======
0x55c2cb9282c0: MyClass copy_constructor called 1 timescopy from 0x7ffd8b07403b
vector capacity is 1
vector size is 1======b======
0x55c2cb9282e1: MyClass copy_constructor called 2 timescopy from 0x7ffd8b07403c
0x55c2cb9282e0: MyClass copy_constructor called 3 timescopy from 0x55c2cb9282c0
0x55c2cb9282c0: MyClass deconstrcut called 1 times
vector capacity is 2
vector size is 2=======c=====
0x55c2cb9282c2: MyClass copy_constructor called 4 timescopy from 0x7ffd8b07403d
0x55c2cb9282c0: MyClass copy_constructor called 5 timescopy from 0x55c2cb9282e0
0x55c2cb9282c1: MyClass copy_constructor called 6 timescopy from 0x55c2cb9282e1
0x55c2cb9282e0: MyClass deconstrcut called 2 times
0x55c2cb9282e1: MyClass deconstrcut called 3 times
vector capacity is 4
vector size is 3=======d=====
0x55c2cb9282c3: MyClass copy_constructor called 7 timescopy from 0x7ffd8b07403e
vector capacity is 4
vector size is 4========e====
0x55c2cb9282e4: MyClass copy_constructor called 8 timescopy from 0x7ffd8b07403f
0x55c2cb9282e0: MyClass copy_constructor called 9 timescopy from 0x55c2cb9282c0
0x55c2cb9282e1: MyClass copy_constructor called 10 timescopy from 0x55c2cb9282c1
0x55c2cb9282e2: MyClass copy_constructor called 11 timescopy from 0x55c2cb9282c2
0x55c2cb9282e3: MyClass copy_constructor called 12 timescopy from 0x55c2cb9282c3
0x55c2cb9282c0: MyClass deconstrcut called 4 times
0x55c2cb9282c1: MyClass deconstrcut called 5 times
0x55c2cb9282c2: MyClass deconstrcut called 6 times
0x55c2cb9282c3: MyClass deconstrcut called 7 times
vector capacity is 8
vector size is 5
0x55c2cb9282e0: MyClass deconstrcut called 8 times
0x55c2cb9282e1: MyClass deconstrcut called 9 times
0x55c2cb9282e2: MyClass deconstrcut called 10 times
0x55c2cb9282e3: MyClass deconstrcut called 11 times
0x55c2cb9282e4: MyClass deconstrcut called 12 times
0x7ffd8b07403f: MyClass deconstrcut called 13 times
0x7ffd8b07403e: MyClass deconstrcut called 14 times
0x7ffd8b07403d: MyClass deconstrcut called 15 times
0x7ffd8b07403c: MyClass deconstrcut called 16 times
0x7ffd8b07403b: MyClass deconstrcut called 17 times
上面的代码，加了很多打印，可以很好的分析程序执行的情况，这里主要说一下myVector在析构的时候，要调用存放在vector中元素的析构，再释放myVector占用的空间。
同时可以看到在填充vector的时候，会发生大量的拷贝构造，造成资源浪费，下面给出一个极端示例展示Vector在push_back时调用的拷贝构造函数次数。
程序2
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>class MyClass {
public:MyClass() {++contru